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The Kabardino-Balkar Republic (Russian: Кабарди́но-Балка́рская Респу́блика; Kabardian: Къэбэрдей-Балъкъэр Республикэ; Balkar: Къабарты-Малкъар Республика), or Kabardino-Balkaria (Russian: Кабарди́но-Балка́рия), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in the North Caucasus. The direct romanization of the republic's name in the Russian language is Kabardino-Balkarskaya Respublika, or Kabardino-Balkariya.
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[edit] Geography
The republic is situated in the North Caucasus mountains, with plains in the northern part.
- Area: 12,500 km2 (4,800 sq mi)
- Borders:
- internal: Stavropol Krai (N/NE), Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (E/SE/S), Karachay-Cherkess Republic (W/NW)
- international: Georgia (S/SW)
- Highest point: Mount Elbrus (5,642 m)
- Maximum N->S distance: 167 kilometers (104 mi)
- Maximum E->W distance: 123 kilometers (76 mi)
[edit] Rivers
Major rivers include:
- Terek River (623 km)
- Malka River (216 km)
- Baksan River (173 km)
- Urukh River (104 km)
- Chegem River (102 km)
- Cherek River (76 km)
- Argudan River
- Kurkuzhin River
- Lesken River
[edit] Lakes
There are around one hundred lakes in the Republic, none of which are large. Just over half (fifty-five) are located between the Baksan and Malka Rivers, the largest each of an area of no more than 0.01 square kilometers (0.0 sq mi). Some of the lakes are:
- Tserikkel Lake (area 26,000 m²; depth 368 m)
- Lower Goluboye Lake
- Kel-Ketchen Lake (depth 177 m)
- Upper Goluboye Lake (depth 18 m)
- Sekretnoye Lake
- Tambukan Lake (area 1.77 km²; depth 1.5 to 2 m), partially within Stavropol Krai.
[edit] Mountains
- Mount Elbrus (5,642 m), a volcanic mountain and the highest peak in Europe, Russia, and the Caucasus
Other major mountains include:
- Mount Dykhtau (5,402 m)
- Mount Koshkhatau (5,151 m)
- Mount Shkhara (5,068 m)
- Pushkin Peak (5,033 m)
- Mount Mizhergi (5,025 m)
[edit] Natural resources
Kabardino-Balkaria's natural resources include molybdenum, tungsten, and coal.
[edit] Climate
The republic has a continental type climate.
- Average January temperature: −12 °C (10.4 °F) (mountains) to −4 °C (24.8 °F) (plains)
- Average July temperature: +4 °C (39.2 °F) (mountains) to +23 °C (73.4 °F) (plains)
- Average annual precipitation: 500-2,000 mm.
[edit] Administrative divisions
[edit] Demographics
- Population: 901,494 (2002)
- Urban: 510,346 (56.6%)
- Rural: 391,148 (43.4%)
- Male: 422,720 (46.9%)
- Female: 478,774 (53.1%)
- Females per 1000 males: 1,133
- Average age: 30.9 years
- Urban: 32.4 years
- Rural: 29.0 years
- Male: 29.1 years
- Female: 32.8 years
- Number of households: 227,922 (with 891,783 people)
- Urban: 144,872 (with 504,085 people)
- Rural: 83,050 (with 387,698 people)
- Vital statistics
- Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service
| Births | Deaths | Birth rate | Death rate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 11,683 | 3,913 | 19.7 | 6.6 |
| 1975 | 12,315 | 4,717 | 19.4 | 7.4 |
| 1980 | 14,098 | 5,457 | 20.7 | 8.0 |
| 1985 | 15,941 | 5,854 | 22.0 | 8.1 |
| 1990 | 15,412 | 6,573 | 20.0 | 8.5 |
| 1991 | 14,952 | 6,995 | 19.0 | 8.9 |
| 1992 | 13,728 | 7,093 | 17.2 | 8.9 |
| 1993 | 11,781 | 7,864 | 14.6 | 9.7 |
| 1994 | 11,407 | 8,052 | 14.0 | 9.9 |
| 1995 | 10,844 | 8,236 | 13.1 | 9.9 |
| 1996 | 10,293 | 8,199 | 12.2 | 9.8 |
| 1997 | 10,016 | 7,985 | 11.7 | 9.4 |
| 1998 | 9,997 | 8,201 | 11.5 | 9.5 |
| 1999 | 9,221 | 8,292 | 10.5 | 9.5 |
| 2000 | 9,207 | 8,792 | 10.4 | 10.0 |
| 2001 | 8,892 | 8,778 | 10.0 | 9.9 |
| 2002 | 9,119 | 8,954 | 10.2 | 10.0 |
| 2003 | 9,294 | 9,202 | 10.3 | 10.2 |
| 2004 | 9,414 | 8,695 | 10.5 | 9.7 |
| 2005 | 8,991 | 9,034 | 10.0 | 10.1 |
| 2006 | 9,308 | 8,764 | 10.4 | 9.8 |
| 2007 | 11,397 | 8,441 | 12.8 | 9.5 |
| 2008 | 12,052 | 8,095 | 13.5 | 9.1 |
- Ethnic groups
Kabardino-Balkaria consists of two ethnic territories, one predominantly of Kabardin (speakers of a North-West Caucasian language) and the other predominantly Balkars (speakers of a Turkic language). According to the 2002 Census, Kabardin make up 55.3% of the republic's population, followed by Russians (25.1%) and Balkars (11.6%). Other groups include Ossetians (9,845, or 1.1%), Turks (8,770, or 1.0%), Ukrainians (7,592, or 0.8%), Armenians (5,342, or 0.6%), Koreans (4,722, or 0.5%), Chechens (4,241, or 0.5%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.
| census 1926 | census 1939 | census 1959 | census 1970 | census 1979 | census 1989 | census 2002 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kabardins | 122,402 (60.0%) | 152,237 (42.4%) | 190,284 (45.3%) | 264,675 (45.0%) | 303,604 (45.5%) | 364,494 (48.2%) | 498,702 (55.3%) |
| Balkars | 33,197 (16.3%) | 40,747 (11.3%) | 34,088 (8.1%) | 51,356 (8.7%) | 59,710 (9.0%) | 70,793 (9.4%) | 104,951 (11.6%) |
| Russians | 15,344 (7.5%) | 129,067 (35.9%) | 162,586 (38.7%) | 218,595 (37.2%) | 234,137 (35.1%) | 240,750 (31.9%) | 226,620 (25.1%) |
| Ossetians | 4,078 (2.0%) | 4,608 (1.3%) | 6,442 (1.5%) | 9,167 (1.6%) | 9,710 (1.5%) | 9,996 (1.3%) | 9,845 (1.1%) |
| Ukrainians | 17,213 (8.4%) | 11,142 (3.1%) | 8,400 (2.0%) | 10,620 (1.8%) | 12,139 (1.8%) | 12,826 (1.7%) | 7,592 (0.8%) |
| Others | 11,772 (5.8%) | 21,328 (5.9%) | 18,315 (4.4%) | 33,790 (5.7%) | 47,246 (7.1%) | 55,672 (7.4%) | 53,784 (6.0%) |
[edit] History
[edit] Politics
The head of government in Kabardino-Balkaria is the President. The current President is Arsen Kanokov, who has held the position since September 2005.
The legislative body of the Republic is the Parliament comprising 72 deputies elected for a five year term.[8][10]
The Constitution of Kabardino-Balkaria was adopted on September 1, 1997.
[edit] Economy
The economy of Kabardino-Balkaria is primarily agricultural, with lumber production and mining. Most of the industry centers on agricultural processing. The fall of the Soviet Union and the outbreak of the various conflicts in the Caucasus have hit the republic hard, causing a collapse in tourism in the region and producing an unemployment level estimated to be as high as 90%. Poverty is reported to be an endemic problem in the republic. Russian investors have invested in local ski resorts in order to attract more tourists.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ According to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia, Russian is the official language on the whole territory of the Russian Federation. Article 68.2 further stipulates that only the republics have the right to establish official languages other than Russian.
- ^ Constitution, Article 76.1
- ^ a b c Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_04_1.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- ^ The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2002 Census population by the area specified in the infobox. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the Census (2002).
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_03.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ a b c Constitution, Article 11.1
- ^ Official website of the President of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic
- ^ Constitution, Article 94.
[edit] Sources
- Парламент Кабардино-Балкарской Республики. №28-РЗ 1 сентября 1997 г. «Конституция Кабардино-Балкарской Республики», в ред. Закона №39-РЗ от 10 июля 2008 г. (Parliament of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic. #28-RZ September 1, 1997 Constitution of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic, as amended by the Law #39-RZ of July 10, 2008. ).
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Category:Kabardino-Balkaria |
- (Russian) Official website of the President of the Republic
- (Russian) Kabardino-Balkaria Online
- (English) Kabardino-Balkaria information and photo gallery
- (English) Images of Kabardino-Balkaria
- (English) [1]
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